Scoliosis

Scoliosis is an unnatural side-to-side curving of the spine. Your spine (backbone) curves slightly forward and backward. Scoliosis causes your spine to curve to the left and right, forming a C or an S shape. The majority of cases of scoliosis are mild, without symptoms, and do not require treatment. Severe occurrences might result in unequal posture and pain. Wearing a brace or having surgery may be necessary treatments.

Types of scoliosis

There are three kinds of scoliosis:

• Idiopathic scoliosis is the most prevalent kind. "Idiopathic" indicates that the reason is unknown. Research suggests that it runs in families and has a genetic (hereditary) basis.
• Congenital scoliosis is an uncommon spine defect that a healthcare provider can discover at birth. It occurs when the vertebrae (bones that make up your spine) do not form properly during embryonic development.
• Neuromuscular scoliosis is caused by abnormalities in your spine's muscles and nerves. It is generally associated with neurological (nerve) or muscle problems such as injury, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy.

Your provider may refer to scoliosis diagnosed in maturity as adult-onset scoliosis or degenerative scoliosis. You may have had minor, undetected scoliosis throughout your life. Symptoms can worsen or occur as your body matures, leading to a delayed diagnosis. Adult-onset scoliosis develops when your disks and joints weaken or you lose bone density (osteoporosis).

Symptoms

Scoliosis typically does not produce symptoms; however, they may include:

• Back pain.
• It is difficult to stand upright.
• The core muscles are weak.
• Leg pain, numbness, and weakness.

Causes

The cause of scoliosis varies depending on the type, but can include:

• Vertebral malformation occurs during embryonic development.
• Genetic change.
• Spine injury.
• Tumor on your spine.
• A condition affecting your nerves or muscles.

Diagnosis

Scoliosis is diagnosed by a healthcare physician following a physical exam. They may conduct a screening at their office, which will involve you standing up straight and then bending forward to touch your toes. Your physician will evaluate your back to determine the shape of your spine and how you move. They will also assess your nerves by assessing your reflexes and muscular strength. Before your healthcare professional can recommend a treatment plan, they will ask you the following questions:

• Your medical history as well as that of your family.
• The date you first noticed a change in your spine, or the date of your first screening.
• Symptoms (if any).
• Any bowel, bladder, or motor symptoms that may indicate more severe nerve damage or pressure caused by scoliosis.

If necessary, your provider may arrange imaging tests. X-rays taken from the front and side provide a complete picture of your spine. Your provider can then evaluate whether you have scoliosis and, if so, to what extent. Other imaging tests may include an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or a CT scan. If your provider determines that you have scoliosis and need treatment, they will send you to an orthopaedic spine expert.

Treatment

Treatment for scoliosis is not always necessary. If your clinician recommends treatment, they will consider the following aspects:

• Type of scoliosis.
• Degree of the curve.
• Your family history of scoliosis.
• Your age.
• The number of remaining growth years until skeletal maturity.

Treatment is aimed at minimizing symptoms rather than correcting the curvature. The goal is to lessen discomfort and curvature progression while enhancing your spine's functionality.

Scoliosis can be treated in two different ways:

• Nonsurgical (conservative) treatment.
• Surgery.

Conservative scoliosis treatment

Surgery is not required for the majority of scoliosis cases. Rather, healthcare practitioners recommend conservative measures first, which may include:

• Visiting a healthcare practitioner on a regular basis (usually every six months) to monitor the progression of the curve.
• Using over-the-counter pain relievers or anti-inflammatories (as directed by your physician).
• Exercise helps to strengthen your core muscles and increase your flexibility.
• Wearing a back brace can help support your spine.
• Addressing any underlying conditions.

Scoliosis surgery

Surgery may be used to treat certain kinds of scoliosis that do not respond to conservative treatments. Your doctor may suggest surgery to help stabilize your spine, restore balance, and decrease nerve pain. Scoliosis can be treated with a variety of procedures, including spinal fusion and expandable rods.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent scoliosis. If you have scoliosis, your doctor may recommend that you stretch and exercise to strengthen your back and abdomen. These can assist to prevent the curvature in your spine from worsening.

Conclusion

Scoliosis is a spinal condition that can be moderate or severe. While the causes vary, early detection, monitoring, and therapy can help people manage their disease and minimize complications. The goal of treatment, whether by observation, bracing, physical therapy, or surgery, is to lessen the impact of scoliosis on daily life while preventing the curvature from worsening. If you suspect scoliosis or have any concerns about your spine, consult a doctor for a thorough diagnosis and treatment plan.